There is a date in the Orthodox calendar that can be called the birthday of Russian faith. May 28 (May 15 old style) — the day of remembrance of Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. The same one who baptized Rus. But in history, he remained under two names: Vladimir (in baptism — Basil). Why two? And why did the prince become a saint, since he was a sinner, a murderer, a polygamist? Let's figure it out. The history is complex, but important.

Vladimir before baptism: Red Sun or Pagan

Prince Vladimir the Great was born around 960. He was the son of Prince Svyatoslav and Malusha (a concubine). Illegitimate, but ambitious. After his father's death, he ruled Novgorod, then captured Kiev, killing his brother Yaropolk. He became the sole ruler of Rus.

The first years of his rule were harsh. Vladimir worshipped pagan gods. He set up idols of Perun, Khors, Dazhdobog on a hill in Kiev. He offered human sacrifices. He had several wives and hundreds of concubines. He fought with neighbors, expanding borders. Chronicles call him "Vladimir the Sinner."

But he was an intelligent ruler. He understood that paganism divided tribes. A strong state needs a single faith. And he began to search.

The choice of faith: legend and reality

The chronicle tells: Vladimir sent envoys to different countries. To the Volga Bulgars (Islam) — they refused wine, but the prince said, "Russians have joy." To Khazaria (Judaism) — it did not please him that the Jews had lost their state. To Germany (Catholicism) — it did not impress.

And in Constantinople (Orthodoxy), the envoys entered the Holy Sophia Cathedral. They saw the beauty of the divine service and decided: "We did not know where we were — in heaven or on earth." This moment became a turning point.

In 987, Vladimir captured the Byzantine city of Korsun (Chersones) and demanded in marriage the sister of the emperor, Anna. They agreed, but on the condition that he should be baptized. Vladimir agreed. He was baptized in Korsun, took the name Basil (in honor of Saint Basil the Great).

Historians debate whether there was forced baptism. Most likely, there was not. But pagans were broken through the knee.

Baptism of Rus: how it was

Returning to Kiev, Vladimir ordered the destruction of pagan idols. Perun was thrown into the Dnieper. Then he appointed the day of baptism of the Kievites — 988. People were driven into the water, priests from Byzantium read prayers. According to legend, many cried, but did not resist. Chronicles write: "Churches began to be built throughout the Russian land."

The people resisted. In Novgorod, they were baptized "by fire and sword." The militia drove people into the Volkhov, beating those who did not go. In other cities, there were also victims. But in general, Vladimir acted reasonably: he did not punish stubborn pagans, but persuaded them. In the end, Rus became Orthodox.

For this, Vladimir was later called "equal-to-the-apostles" — that is, equal to the apostles who enlightened nations. There are only a few such saints: Mary Magdalene, Constantine the Great, Nikolai of Japan.

Why Vladimir became a saint

He was canonized in the 13th century, not immediately. Arguments: baptized Rus, founded churches, attracted Byzantine teachers, introduced Slavic writing (Cyrillic), built schools, distributed alms, abolished capital punishment. After his baptism, he changed personally: left concubines, helped the poor, held feasts for the needy every Sunday.

Chronicles tell: "Vladimir lived in fear of God, performed alms, built churches." He was called "Red Sun" — not for beauty, but for kindness. He died in 1015 and was buried in the Dеvichynskaya Church in Kiev (destroyed in 1936, remains lost).

Critics say he was a cruel pagan and murderer. The Church responds: he repented. Repentance atoned for sins. This is important for Orthodoxy.

Memory on May 28: how to celebrate

May 28 is not a holiday in the civil calendar, but in the church it is one of the important days. In churches, they serve liturgy, read the akathist to Prince Vladimir. Believers come to church, light candles, pray for the health of children, for peace in the family (Vladimir is considered the patron of families). In some dioceses, there are processions — for example, in Kiev (where Vladimir baptized the people) and in Chersones (where he was baptized himself).

In Russia, May 28 is not a day off. But in Orthodox gymnasiums and Sunday schools, lessons about the baptism of Rus are conducted. Films are shown to children, they are told about the prince.

In 2026, May 28 will be a Thursday. Churches will be open from morning. Many parishioners order forty-day prayers for health.

Where are the relics and what are they attributed to

Most of the relics of Prince Vladimir have been lost. But fragments are preserved: in Kiev (Vladimir Cathedral), in Moscow (Christ the Savior Cathedral, Uspensky Cathedral of the Kremlin), in Saint Petersburg (Cathedral of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God). Abroad — in London (Cathedral of the Assumption of the Mother of God), in Sofia (Bulgarian temple).

Miracles are attributed to the relics. A well-known case in the 19th century: a woman's leg was scattered due to bone disease. She touched the relic in Kiev — and the next day the bone healed. Doctors attested to it. In the 2000s: a man with cancer prayed to the icon of Prince Vladimir in Christ the Savior Cathedral, and after a month the tumor disappeared.

The Church treats such stories cautiously, but believes.

Prince Vladimir in art and memorials

There are many memorials to him. The most famous: in Kiev on Volodymyrska Hill (sculptor Demut-Malinovsky, 1853). The prince stands with a cross in his hand. In Moscow: on Borovitskaya Square (next to the Kremlin) — a monument from 2015, to mark the 1000th anniversary of his death. In Saint Petersburg: on Vernosty Street (residential area).

In painting: Vasnetsov's painting "Baptism of Rus" (fresco in the Vladimir Cathedral). Viktor Vasnetsov depicted Vladimir against the backdrop of the Dnieper, with a cross and a crown. Icons: usually the saint is depicted in princely attire, with a cross and a scepter. Sometimes with a sword — as a warrior.

In film: the film "Vladimir the Holy" (1993), the series "Baptism of Rus" (2020). In literature: the novella "Vladimir the Red Sun" by A.N. Tolstoy, poems by A.K. Tolstoy, Blok.

Saint Vladimir and modernity

For Orthodox Christians, he is an example that a sinner can become a saint. This gives hope. For politicians, he is a symbol of choosing a path. Vladimir chose faith, and this determined the fate of Russia for 1000 years. For culture, the baptism brought writing, architecture, iconography, literature. Without Vladimir, there would not have been "The Song of Igor's Campaign," there would not have been the Kiev Lavra, there would not have been Saint Petersburg (built after, but on Orthodox traditions).

However, some historians and publicists criticize Vladimir for forced baptism, for killing his brother, for destroying pagan culture. The Church responds: "That was the norm at the time. And it is not for us to judge."

Debates continue. But on May 28, on the day of remembrance, they subside. Believers pray, do not argue.

How to celebrate the day of remembrance at home

If you are a believer: go to the church in the morning, light a candle, pray. You can read the akathist (the text is available on the Internet). If you cannot go to the church — pray at home. Fasting is not mandatory on this day, but it is desirable to refrain from meat and revelry.

If you are a historian: read a chapter from "The Tale of Bygone Years". Watch the documentary film "Baptism of Rus" (available on YouTube). Discuss with friends over dinner.

If you are simply interested: visit a museum. In Moscow — the Historical Museum, where the "Word about Law and Grace" of Metropolitan Hilarion (XI century), written under Vladimir, is stored. In Saint Petersburg — the Hermitage, on the Byzantine collection.

And — think about yourself. What would you choose in place of Vladimir? Power or faith? Sword or cross? This is a difficult question. Maybe that's why there is a day of remembrance.

Conclusion: light or shadow

Prince Vladimir is a contradictory figure. For some — a tyrant, for others — a saint. But the fact remains: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus — Orthodox countries. And they owe this man who, perhaps, sincerely repented of his sins and led the people. May 28 is not a day for disputes. For memory. And for reflection on the fact that even the darkest person can become light.

Happy Saint Vladimir's Day, Red Sun. Shine upon us.

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