Mathematics in elementary school is not just numbers. It's the foundation upon which logic, engineering, and even artificial intelligence stand. If a child doesn't understand what a number is, or doesn't learn the multiplication table in third grade, they'll struggle their whole life. But how to make sure the child doesn't hate math and loves it? Let's figure it out with examples, games, and the horrors of Soviet textbooks.

What is studied in 1-4 grades

The elementary school math curriculum is standard. In first grade — numbers, counting to 10, addition and subtraction within this ten. One-step problems. In second grade — counting to 100, crossing over tens, multiplication table for 2-5, two-step problems, concepts of "perimeter" and "area" of simple shapes.

In third grade — the entire multiplication table, division with a remainder, multiplication and division of multi-digit numbers by a single-digit number, fractions (basic concepts), units of time, length, mass, speed. In fourth grade — multi-digit numbers (up to a million), operations with them, equations, fractions (comparison, addition, and subtraction with the same denominators), percentages (beginning), problems of catching up and meeting.

It seems simple. But it's in the beginning that algorithmic thinking is laid down. If a child doesn't understand how multiplication works, they will never understand how an integral works. Therefore, "This is just simple" cannot be ignored.

Why do children hate math at school

It's not children who hate. Children love to count when it's about candy or toys. They hate the method of presentation. Boring examples in columns where you have to rewrite 30 identical actions. A teacher with a strict voice who scolds for a mistake. Fear of "not understanding right." Perfect storm.

The second reason is parents who press. "You must solve it for five," "look at your neighbor, she handled it, but you didn't." The child begins to associate math with danger and shame. The brain blocks logic to protect itself.

The third reason is the lack of visualization. The textbook says: "3 + 5 = 8." But what are these numbers? Three apples and five pears are already more interesting. But teachers often save time on pictures.

The fourth reason is crossing over the decimal in second grade. This is a stumbling block. The child doesn't understand why 27 + 5 = 32. Instead of explaining it with counting sticks, teachers force them to just memorize the algorithm. And children get dumber.

How to explain addition and subtraction with crossing over tens

The secret is counting with sticks or buttons. Take 27 buttons. Count 10, tie a rubber band — this is a ten. Tie another ten — the second ten. There are 7 buttons left. Now add 5 buttons. Add 3 to the 7 buttons to make another ten. Now we have 3 tens and a remainder of 4 buttons. 27+5=32. The child sees. Understands. Remembers forever.

You can use a mind map: draw a line from 0 to 100. Go right for 5 steps from 27. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. Then practice without a drawing.

For subtraction — reverse counting. 32 - 5 = 27. Go left for 5 steps from 32. 31, 30, 29, 28, 27.

The main thing is not to rush. One topic can take a week. Better slowly but with understanding than quickly with memorization.

The multiplication table: how to learn without tears

Piaget's table is a curse of elementary school. But there are ways to make it easier. The first is visualization. Draw a square 10x10. Write the product in each cell. The child sees symmetry. For example, 5x4 and 4x5 are the same, this reduces the amount of memorization by half.

The second is poems. "Three on three — nine, this must be checked by everyone." "Twice two — four, this is known in the whole world." You can come up with your own.

The third is cards. On one side is the example "3x4," on the other is the answer 12. The child checks themselves. Game: who collects 10 cards faster.

The fourth is songs. There are plenty of multiplication tables in rap on YouTube. The child absorbs rhythmically.

The fifth is object counting. 3x4 is three times taking four candies. The child counts. Tasty and clear.

Important: learn the table not all at once, but in blocks. First on 2, then on 3, then on 4. A break of one or two days between blocks. And repetition: mix old examples with new ones.

Fractions in elementary school: when to start

In first grade, fractions are not discussed. But in second-third grade, you can introduce the concept of half (1/2) and a quarter (1/4) on a pizza or cake. Cut the circle into 2 equal parts — each half. Cut it into 4 — a quarter. The child understands right away.

By fourth grade, fractions with different denominators are introduced for comparison. Again, in practice: two-thirds or three-quarters of a cake — which is bigger? Cut circles with different denominators, overlay transparent films. It's visible with the eyes.

Addition of fractions with the same denominators is adding pieces of the same cake. 1/4 + 2/4 = 3/4. Easy. With different denominators in fourth grade, only the simplest cases (1/2+1/4=3/4) are given with the help of a drawing.

Don't expect a fourth grader to abstractly reduce to a common denominator. This will kill the love.

Logic problems: how to develop thinking

Mathematics in the beginning is not just counting, but also logic. Problems like "There were 3 sparrows on one branch, two flew in, then one flew away. How many are left?" develop the sequence of actions. It's better to have problems with extra data so that the child learns to filter out unnecessary. "There are 3 apples, 2 pears, and 1 banana in the vase. Nastya ate 2 apples. How many fruits are left?" — the extra about pears and bananas.

Logic puzzles with a star: "How many ends are on 3 and a half sticks?" Or "There are 10 sticks on the table. Two boys take turns taking 1 or 2 sticks. Who will win?" This is already strategy.

The best way is chess, checkers, Sudoku for children. Don't impose, but play together. A math circle is also good, but not before 8 years old.

Typical mistakes of parents and teachers

Mistake number one: shout "You don't understand? This is elementary!" For a child, it's not elementary. Their brain hasn't formed neural connections yet. Your "elementary" is the result of 30 years of practice.

Mistake number two: forcing to solve a lot of identical examples. Better 5 times with explanation than 50 automatically. Automaticity will come later.

Mistake number three: comparing with others. "Peter has already solved it, but you haven't." Compare only with yourself: "Yesterday you made a mistake in this, but today — not, good job."

Mistake number four: ignoring mistakes. A mistake is not a failure, but a hint where there is a gap. Analyze the mistake together. Ask: "What do you think, why did it turn out to be 7, not 8? Let's recalculate."

Mistake number five: pressing time. "Solve it in 5 minutes." Anxiety kills thinking processes. Give as much time as needed, but don't drag on.

Mistake number six: making math a routine. Don't do examples after school if the child is tired. Better play "store" (where change has to be counted). Or weigh fruits and compare the weight.

Games and applications for mathematics

On paper: "Battle Ship" with coordinates (develops the coordinate system). "Tank" on a checkered field (movement along vectors). "Mathematical Bingo" — a problem falls out, you close the answer.

Outdoors: count cars, clouds, steps. Measure distance with steps. Compare the height of trees. Weigh stones on homemade scales.

In the kitchen: recipes — half a cup of flour, a quarter of a teaspoon of salt. Portion: you need to treat 5 guests, and there are 15 cookies — how many for each?

Applications (without links): "Mathematics and Numbers for Children," "Counting App," "Multiplication Table in Games." The main thing is to dose it, not more than 20 minutes a day.

Important: no applications before bedtime. The brain should switch.

What to do if a child is mathematically incompetent

True mathematical inability (dyscalculia) is found in 3-7 percent of children. This is not laziness, this is a brain feature. Symptoms: cannot understand that 4 is greater than 3, even if shown buttons. Confuses numbers 6 and 9, 2 and 5 constantly. Cannot count objects to 10, even counting fingers. Cannot memorize the multiplication table, despite long training.

If this is your case, go to a neuropsychologist and a child psychiatrist. Dyscalculia cannot be cured, but it can be corrected. The child will be given a lenient program, possibly exempted from the second foreign language. Don't blame yourself and him. This is not a sin. This is a diagnosis.

But more often, "inability" is the result of intimidation or poor teaching. Change teachers, change the approach, take lessons with a tutor who uses games. The result may surprise.

Mathematics and life: why does it matter to a child

When they grow up, they will count salaries, taxes, discounts in stores. Take a loan or not. Compare prices per kilogram. Understand if the "two for the price of one" promotion is profitable. But this is not the main thing. Mathematics teaches structured thinking. Not to panic in front of a difficult task, but to break it down into parts. Look for patterns. Check yourself. These are skills for life.

Therefore, don't say "math is boring." Say "math is magic that helps predict the future." And the child will believe. And love.
© library.ug

Permanent link to this publication: