The article discusses the Neo-Pleistocene and Holocene history of the Angara River on the example of stratigraphic sections of Paleolithic archaeological sites in the Northern Angara Region. Using the data obtained in recent years in the course of work in the area of flooding of the Boguchanskaya HPP reservoir bed in the field of Quaternary geology, geomorphology, neotectonics, and archeology, the authors point out a number of facts that contradict the "young Angara" model proposed by "geoarchaeologists" led by G. I. Medvedev. Evidence of the "catastrophic outburst of the Angara River from the Baikal proran" that occurred 12 - 7 thousand years AGO - a key event of this model-is not confirmed either in the relief or in the sedimentation record of Neo-Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, or in the nature of the occurrence of archaeological materials of Paleolithic sites in the Northern Angara region.

Key words: alluvium, Angara, floodplain terrace, Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station, neotectonics, Paleolithic, Karginsky warming, paleoecology.

Introduction

Ideas about the youth of the Angara River Valley and its alluvium have been repeatedly expressed. However, this extraordinary concept was first described in a comprehensive and well-founded way in a generalizing article [Medvedev et al., 2012]. According to this publication, the Angara River arose as a result of a catastrophic event that took place 12-7 thousand years ago. " The Angara stream, which poured out of the natural Baikal proranus, formed the relief of its bed, destroying geomorphological structures created before the Angara splash..."[Ibid., p. 52]. Accordingly, all the terraced ledges and steep banks were formed by lateral erosion of breakthrough flows and are not the result of alluvial activity, and the islands - "these are not islands in their genesis, they are just "soaps" of the former sides of the northwestern branch of the Great Baikal fault " [Ibid.]. This concept contradicts the prevailing alluvial-terrace paradigm, according to which the Angara, as well as other lowland rivers, formed their banks as a result of polycyclic acts of incision and accumulation caused by neotectonic and paleoclimatic causes.

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The authors of the" anti-terror "hypothesis emphasize that" the statements of 1985 and 1986 were neither the first nor the last. They remained without comment. The situation documents the fact of misunderstanding and, as a result, uncertainty and even fear of many specialists in the position of rethinking the paradigm-dogma of the primacy of the alluvial-erosive genesis of the modern relief... " [Ibid., p. 50]. In conclusion of the problem-setting article, the authors invite readers to join the "terrace discussion", since, in their opinion, the period of the" kitchen " state of Quaternary geology in Baikal Siberia (and not only in it) has been unusually prolonged. This publication responds to this call. The author's team includes specialists not only in archeology, but also in Quaternary geology, geomorphology, and neotectonics, which allows us to consider the problem in a comprehensive and interdisciplinary way.

Alluvial-terrace Paradigm Crisis for the Northern Angara region

Before analyzing the criticism, we will consider the main provisions of the alluvial-terrace concept in relation to the Northern Angara region. In the modern stratigraphic paradigm, the age of Quaternary deposits in the Angara Valley is related to the hypsometric levels of terraces (Yendrikhinsky, 1982; Ravsky, 1972; Stratigrafiya, 1984). Traditionally, it is believed that I-IV above-floodplain terraces (NPS) combined in the lower stage in this territory are of Late Pleistocene age. In accordance with the latest stratigraphic representations [Unified... scheme..., 2010] age interval of sediments is estimated:

IV NTP (up to 35 m above the water's edge) as kazantsevsko-muruktinsky (III 1-III 2);

III NTP (from 16 to 27 m) as Early Karginsky (III 3);

II NPT (from 14 to 17 m) as Late Karginian-Middle Spartan (III 3-III 4);

I NPT (from 9 to 12 m) as Late Spartan-Early Holocene (III 4-IV);

high and low floodplains (2 to 7 m) as a holocene (IV).

E. I. Ravsky's scheme (1972), proposed "for the rivers of Eastern Siberia and, above all, for the Middle Siberian Plateau", gives an idea of the regularities of the structure of terrace complexes (Fig. 1). According to this scheme, in the stratigraphic sequence from bottom to top, the following structures are formed:: 1) basal boulders and pebbles; 2) coarse-grained obliquely layered sand; 3) overlays of parallel-layered sands, sandy loams, loams, and clays with peat interlayers; 4) parallel-subhorizontal interbedding of sandy loams and loams; 5) parallel interbedding of fine-grained sands, sandy loams, and loams with pseudomorphoses along re-vein ice and rare paleosols steppe-type loess and solifluction dislocations; 6) loess-like loams and sandy loams with weakly expressed parallel stratification; 7) non-layered loess-like loams and sandy loams with rare steppe-type paleosols.

The above sequence of sediments is genetically interpreted in a certain event-climatic sequence [Ibid.]. During the first half of the Interglacial period, erosion prevails in the river valleys, and interglacial soils form on the adjacent slopes. In the structure diagram (Fig. 1), this epoch corresponds to the accumulation of coarse-grained material (7). In the second half of the Interglacial period, formation continues on slopes and watershed surfaces

Figure 1. Cycloclimatic terrace (according to [Ravsky, 1972], as amended by the authors of the article). 1-boulders and pebbles; 2-obliquely layered sands; 3-finely parallel layered sands; 4-layered sandy loams; 5-layered loams; b-non-layered loess-like loams; 7-layered loess-like loams; 8 - interbedding of sands, sandy loams, loams; 9-paleosols.

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in river valleys, accumulation prevails over erosion. The formation of placers is also timed to coincide with this time. 1), this epoch corresponds to the accumulation of sediments of the channel facies (1), subfacies of riverbed shoals (2), starichnaya (3) and floodplain (4) facies. With the beginning of the first half of glaciation, the accumulation of "normal alluvium" ceases in river valleys (1-4) and the accumulation of "periglacial alluvium" begins (5, b). On watersheds and slopes at this time, slope processes prevail, which leads to the deposition of deluvium, proluvium and solifluxium. Sedimentation is accompanied by the formation of syngenetic re-vein ice. In the second half of the glaciation, during the ongoing slope processes on watersheds, on top of terrace areas, as a result of a decrease in water content, there is an accumulation of inspired deposits, i.e. loess (7) and in some places sifted sands.

Thus, the cyclic paleoclimatic terraces of Angara have a two-tiered structure. The lower stage is represented by interglacial alluvium deposits, while the upper stage is represented by periglacial alluvium and Aeolian sediments. The idea of warm and cold tiers of terrace deposits is confirmed by the fact that "not one, but two types of spore-pollen spectra are observed" [Ibid., p. 231]. In the sandy-clay aggregate of pebbles and overlapping sands, tree pollen prevails. In addition, the shells of thermophilic freshwater mollusks, such as anodont and unionid, are found in these deposits. The upper tier of terrace complexes is dominated by pollen from herbaceous and shrubby plants, remains of tundra animals and plants are present, and cryogenic textures are observed.

At first glance, the considered concept is convenient for determining the age and paleoclimatic conditions of sediment formation based on the hypsometric levels of terrace sites. Accordingly, it would seem that dating archaeological finds and reconstructing the conditions of their burial within the framework of the considered paradigm should not pose any problems. However, as shown by the work in the flood zone of the Boguchanskaya HPP [Postnov, Zolnikov, and Deev, 2012], low terraces are not consistent in number along the river valley. The" splitting "and" merging " of terrace areas was repeatedly recorded. In addition, the surfaces of these terraces are most often gently sloping, and therefore they often have different heights in different areas, which does not allow them to be attributed to specific levels of the above-floodplain terraces of the Angara River defined in the regional stratigraphic scheme. This really calls into question the reliability of stratigraphic diagnostics of terrace deposits in the study area based on the establishment of numbers of above-floodplain terraces, each of which supposedly corresponds to strictly defined hypsometric levels.

Even more significant contradictions with the alluvial-terrace paradigm arise in the analysis of "geoarchaeological" data. If we summarize the actual material on "geoarchaeology" (Medvedev et al., 2012; Medvedev et al., 1986; Vorobyova and Medvedev, 1985), which led experts led by G. I. Medvedev to disagree with the alluvial-terrace paradigm, we can make two significant generalizations. The most important thing is that archaeological sites are not confined to different hypsometric levels of terraced surfaces, depending on the age of these monuments, which is determined both by cultural and typological characteristics of artifacts and by radiocarbon dating of contextual organic materials. In other words, archaeological objects of the same age are often dispersed in sediments at different heights (for dozens, up to one and a half hundred meters) from the river level. Moreover, "archaeological materials of the Paleolithic of Central Siberia are not recorded anywhere in the territory of this country in alluvial deposits of Quaternary age" [Medvedev et al., 2012, p. 50]. Proluvial, deluvial, solifluctional, Aeolian, and other subaerial deposits are widespread under the terraced surface areas. All this led to the conclusion: "... the ladder of river terraces in Siberia is unreadable and must necessarily be questioned" [Ibid.].

Here it is necessary to emphasize a circumstance that escaped the attention of those geologists and geographers-geomorphologists who, by virtue of their specialization, are far from archaeological problems. Not every researcher in the field of Earth sciences knows that archaeologists "thought of fossil archaeological sites as nothing more than a 'settlement' living space on the river bank - 'high', 'medium', 'low'; 'close' or ' far 'from the edge of the terrace" [Ibid., p. 45]. Accordingly, the lack of attribution of young artefacts to low surfaces and ancient artefacts to high ones, as well as the absence of alluvium in the direct geological context of archaeological sites, leads to the conclusion that traditional ideas about the obligatory habitation of ancient man on the riverbank are inadequate. The crisis of the alluvial-terrace paradigm led to the emergence of a new paleogeographic scenario [Ibid.], which can be reduced to several main propositions:

1) pre-Holocene terraces and alluvial deposits of the Angara River are absent;

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2) the Angara River appeared at the end of the Neo-Pleistocene-beginning of the Holocene (12-7 thousand years ago) as a result of a catastrophic water breakthrough from the Baikal proran;

3) the islands and coastal cliffs of the Angara valley are erosional remnants ("soaps") developed by breakthrough flows in the subaerial complex of watershed-type sediments;

4) the terraced slightly sloping surfaces framing the Angara River valley are composed of a subaerial complex of sediments;

5) different heights of terraced surfaces are caused by neotectonics.

It is quite obvious that the paleogeographic scenario of the "Early Holocene Angara outburst" appeared mainly among historians to substantiate the "new geoarchaeological" vision of the situation, due to the fact that the distribution patterns of archaeological sites do not correspond to the standard image of a "Paleolithic camp on a convenient river bank". Let us now analyze to what extent the geological and geomorphological data are consistent with the new hypothesis.

Verification of the hypothesis of the Early Holocene Angara splash by geological and geomorphological data

The cornerstone of the hypothesis about the Angara's youth is its Early Holocene "outburst from the natural Baikal proran". Accordingly, we should look for evidence of this event: geomorphological traces of the breakout of the Baikal waters and sediments captured, transported and accumulated by the breakout flows. The closest analog of the "Angara splash" can serve as glacial super-floods formed during the emptying of glacial-dammed lakes. The most textbook example is the breakthrough flows from Lake Baikal. Missoula, which, crossing the Colombian plateau, cut it with deep narrow channels. In addition to canyons, huge breakthrough flows are characterized by giant ripples of the current, evorsion drilling cauldrons, and other specific relief forms, which were considered in sufficient detail by A. N. Rudym [2005]. On the territory of the Boguchanskaya HPP flooding, nothing like this is observed in the relief of the earth's surface. It can, of course, be argued that the trap layers armored and protected a significant part of it from erosion and evorsion processes. However, the Columbian plateau, which was exposed to the breakthrough waters of Lake Baikal. Missoula is composed of basalts similar in strength to traps, which did not prevent channels from cutting through these rocks to a depth of 200 m or more. The catastrophic mudflows that resulted in the Angara River could not but leave destructive traces in the relief. However, there are no such traces.

As is known, giant breakthrough flows leave behind sediments represented by a specific set of facies (Parnachev, 1999; Zolnikov and Deev, 2012). The super-flood cyclite begins with basal boulders and boulders of the mudflow facies, increases with parallel-layered sand-loam of suspended sediment, ends with oblique-layered pebbles of the entrained sediment, mud-stone mictites that float down from the valley sides during the flood decline, and parallel-layered silts of secondary dammed lakes. There are no such lithosedimentation sequences in the sections studied and published sources. The hallmark of super-floods are boulder-boulders and sand-drifts, which do not form outside the settings of giant water-stone mudflows. These lithotypes in the Boguchanskaya HPP flood area have never been described by anyone. The only geological observation that could claim to be evidence of mudflows is the accumulation of boulders and boulders on the floodplain sites and the First NPT. These accumulations are sometimes mistaken for moraines and earthquake rocks. They cannot be moraines, because the area under study has never been covered by glaciers [Unified... scheme..., 2010], and seismic ditches, because they are often located several kilometers from rock outcrops. The number of boulders and boulders on the terrace areas decreases sharply in the direction of the interfluve spaces. This is not surprising, since they are "pushed" into the floodplain and low terraces by spring ice drifts, which is quite well studied and is characteristic of both the Angara and Yenisei rivers (Parnachev, 1999). Thus, there are no deposits of catastrophic breakthrough flows of the Early Holocene period in the studied territory, as well as specific landforms corresponding to them.

The idea of catastrophic breakthroughs in the waters of Lake Baikal, which led to the formation of a young valley of the Angara River in the interval of 12 - 7 thousand years AGO, is contradicted by geological data describing the structure of the upper reaches of the river. Neotectonically caused rupture of the Lena runoff of Lake Baikal. Baikal and the formation of a new flow direction (along the Ilcha-Irkutsk Valley) to the river system. They are recorded as early as 500 thousand years ago (Matz et al., 2002). In turn, the latter was interrupted due to the sinking of the Listvyanka block about 40-60 thousand years AGO, which led to the formation of the modern Angara source. As a result of these neotectonic events, two different-aged sections of the Angara River Valley were formed in the upper part of the Angara River. The youngest of them

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it is located from the source to the confluence of the Irkut River. The first (6 - 8 m) above - floodplain terraces formed during the Sartan cooling (24 - 20 thousand years ago) and the second (12-14 m) above-floodplain terraces are recorded here. At the same time, in the Angara River Valley below the mouth of the Irkut River, there is a significantly more powerful complex of terraces, whose heights exceed 100 m (Logachev, Lomonosova, Klimanova, 1964). Already in the area of Irkutsk, there are low and high floodplains, as well as four NPPs with a height of 40-50 m (Demyanovich, 2007). In addition to the neotectonic processes that took place in the adjacent mountain frame, their formation was significantly influenced by the dynamics of the Angara Fault, along which the Angara River Valley is laid here. Specialized studies of the network of active faults in the south of the Siberian platform (Seminsky et al., 2008; Lunina, Gladkov, and Sherstyankin, 2010), on the one hand, showed that the Angara River Valley inherits sections of faults of different orientations; on the other hand, they did not confirm the thesis of G. I. Abramovich. Medvedeva et al. [2012] on the existence of a single Baikal-Angara fault, which mysteriously determined the direction of movement of a large water flow from the "Baikal proran" and the foundation of the "Holocene Angara"valley.

In terms of the connection of the Angara River valley with differently oriented fault systems, our studies in the area of its middle course are indicative. The surface of the Angara plateau here is a peneplain formed in the Cretaceous-Paleogene time. This ancient alignment surface marks a period of tectonic calm that preceded the Alpine folding stage. In the Cenozoic era, from the late Paleogene, the entire Siberian region begins the stage of neotectonic movements, the maximum of which falls at the end of the Neogene - the beginning of the Quaternary period. As a result of this activity, the initially flat surface of the alignment was raised, slightly deformed, and subdivided to varying degrees by the erosional river network (Figure 2). The pattern of the hydro network in the area is controlled by multiple differently oriented fault zones (Postnov, Zolnikov, and Deev, 2012). The valley of the Angara itself is a stretch structure. Moreover, in addition to the main fault faults bounding the valley, a number of additional rectilinear and arc-shaped lineaments have been identified that separate blocks of different scales and thus form the structure of a "telescopic" graben. As a result, in the middle reaches of the Angara River, there are: 1) the shallowness of the river against the background of the overall considerable width of the valley; 2) the alternation of areas of relative narrowing and expansion of the valley; 3) significant hypsometric diversity of Neogene and Quaternary terrace complex deposits; 4) the presence, often in close proximity, of sequences of both nested accumulative river terraces of different ages and sedimentary bodies of different ages in the terrace complex. a complex that is hypsometrically spaced apart and separated by fragments of the root plinth. Quite often, vertical coastal walls that represent outcrops of fault displacers are cut by V-shaped valleys of lateral tributaries, and triangular tectonic facets are formed. In conditions of relatively weak topography dissection, in addition to zones of increased fracturing and fractures, the material characteristics of eroded pre-quaternary formations also play a significant role in the structural control of the tree pattern of the hydraulic network (Rudenko and Molotkov, 1985). Thus, terrigenous rocks (sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones) of the Carboniferous and Permian differ sharply from the denudation-resistant trap complex formations by the nature of water erosion.

In general, there is no structural discrepancy between the orientation of the Angara River and its tributaries. Tributaries of smaller orders are naturally located in accordance with the bends of the Angara Valley, forming tree-like structures (Fig. 2). It should be emphasized that they are talvegs of valleys cut through the plateau to different depths, and not just channels randomly wandering along the flat plain. All this indicates the synchronous formation and development over a long period of time (obviously much longer than the time frame of the Holocene) of the hydro network of the area. Thus, the configuration of the modern hydraulic network is a refutation of "the hypothesis that denies the existence of a modern pattern of the Angara-Yenisei River basin with its organizing waterway - the Angara River-in the Pleistocene of Baikal Siberia" (Medvedev et al., 2012, p. 33).

Let us now turn to the problem of pre-Holocene alluvium of the Angara River. According to G. I. Medvedev and co-authors, "alluvial deposits of the Angara River and its tributaries were not found at the hypsometric levels of the complexes of "high" and "medium" terraces, and only a 4-7 - meter "shimmering" level of a specific deluvial-alluvial formation remained from the " low "ones" [Ibid., p. 46]. To what extent is this confirmed by the structure of the sections?

In the area of the Lower Keul pier (Yelovka), we have described a section of a 12.5 m high terrace above the Angara River water cut (coordinates: 58°47 '27.5"N and 102°78 '17.2" E). Here, the northern wall of the roadside excavation at the entrance to the pier has been cleared. From the edge of the cliff from top to bottom for 8.5 m, an alternation of obliquely layered sandy gravel can be traced-

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2. Hydro network of the Boguchanskaya HPP flood zone.

3). Whitish carbonate discolorations are observed in the near-roof part. This section is significant in that the subaerial complex of sediments is absent here, and in fact the entire body of the terrace for 8.5 m vertically is composed of alluvium of channel and riverbed facies. At the same time, layers of small pebbles in the sand can be traced to the very top. The material is coarse-grained, with virtually no siltstone admixtures. Skew-layered textures and good roundness of gravel and pebble material are shown in Figure 3 to the right of the column. Especially note that the relief of the earth's surface here clearly shows a flat, flat, wide area stretching along the Angara, without traces of any lateral paleodolines or outflow cones. The described section does not agree with the statement that "at hypsometric levels of the unstable "calculated" II terrace - 8 - 10 - 15 m - layered sands of drift cones, deposits of girder genesis, and pebble-clastic accumulations of subclonal formations are ubiquitously developed" [Ibid., p. 50].

It should also be emphasized here that the terrace gradually becomes a basement for several kilometers downstream. First, the plinth for-

3. Alluvium section near the Lower Keul pier (Yelovka).

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It reaches 3.5 m of the lower part of the terrace, and then gradually rises up to 10-12 m, as a result of which the pebble-gravel-sand alluvium wedges out and the coast becomes completely rocky. All this indicates a neotectonic distortion of the surface of the riverbed block on which alluvium was deposited.

Analysis of the state geological mapping materials makes it possible to make sure that the idea of the presence of pre-Holocene Angara alluvium is not hallucinatory, inspired by established stereotypes. For example, the deposits of the third NPT, which were opened by a hand-drilled well west of the Chelbikhinskaya River, are mainly represented by sands with gravel up to 15 m thick, and the First NPT is represented by an eight-meter gravel-pebble-sand sequence, which is overlain by a sandy loam layer (2.7 m) (Tsakaulov and Guzaev, 1980). Below the mouth of the Narodnoy River, the third NPT is composed of sands (9 m) and pebbles (0.6 m) (Lavrikov and Smolyakova, 1972). Deposits of the first NPT are described on Turgenev Island near the village of Alenkino, where the following rocks are traced from bottom to top: pebble (3 m), sand with pebbles (1.2 m), loam (0.8 m), sand (1.1 m), sand with rare pebbles (2 m), sand (0.8 m) [Tam same]. According to Yu. S. Glukhov and V. N. Kotkov (1973), alluvium I and II of the NPT is composed of sands with lenses of loam, sandy loam, and layers of pebbles at the base. On the left bank of the Angara River near the village of Rozhkovo III, the 2.5 - 3.0 km wide natural reservoir has the following structure from bottom to top: obliquely layered sand (0.6 m), obliquely layered pebbles with sand and gravel (2 m), sand with sparse pebbles (0.5 m), clays alternating with loams (21 m) (Abramov and Krus, 1981). Between the Bolshaya Pelenda and Kamennaya rivers near the village. 12-14 m thick sediments, mainly composed of sand and pebbles, were discovered in Kosoy Byk (Lavrikov and Mumik, 1980). The third NTU on the left bank of the Angara River below the mouth of the Glinka River is composed of pebbles (0.6 m) and overlapping sand (9 m), the second - 10-12-meter thick sand with low-thickness pebbles at the base. The first reservoir near the northwestern end of Aleshkino village has the following structure from bottom to top: pebble (3 m), sand with pebbles up to 30 % (1.2 m), loam (0.8 m), loam with sand layers (1 m), sand (1.1 m), sand with small pebbles (2 m), sand (0.8 m). According to N. M. Kotkov (1980), the third NPC on the left bank of the Kata River, below the mouth of the Zheleznaya River, is composed (from bottom to top) of pebbles (0.45 m), sand with gravel (1.2 m), pebbles with gravel (1.5 m), loam (0.5 m), and the First NPC on the left bank of the Kata River is composed of the right bank of the Angara River below the mouth of the Kata is covered with pebbles (0.7 m) and sand (9.7 m). The above examples once again illustrate the fact that the basal layers of geological bodies composing terraced landforms are often represented by pebbles or obliquely layered sands with pebble interlayers. It is unlikely that this can be interpreted every time as a washed-out weathering crust along conglomerates (in particular, where there are no such conglomerates at the base). or as deposits of proluvial cones (especially when they are not expressed in any way in the relief of the daytime surface). Thus, the actual material on the structure of the sections accumulated during geological surveys and author's research does not allow us to deny the alluvial genesis of deposits of the lower tier of low Angara terraces.

According to a study by N. E. Ravsky (1972), alluvial deposits of the lower stage of a cycloclimatic terrace are often 2-3 times (or even more) less in thickness than those of the upper stage, which, as it was shown earlier (Postnov, Zolnikov, Deev, 2012), cannot be periglacial alluvium, since they are located in the upper stage of the cycloclimatic terrace. at absolute elevations, it is known to be higher than 130-135 m (the generally accepted (Arkhipov, Volkov, and Volkova, 1980) threshold for the flow of the podprudno-glacial Mansi Lake-sea through the Turgai trough to the south). At the same time, it is within the upper tier of cycloclimatic terraces that archaeological excavations are usually laid, the depth of which rarely exceeds 2-3 m. There is a problem of genetic interpretation of a thick layer of parallel-layered sands, sandy loams, loams with ephemeral paleosols, cryogenic wedges and solifluction dislocations, which makes up the upper part of the terrace complex, often to the full depth available to exploration projects. archaeological pits.

The presence of deluvial, proluvial, and solifluctional deposits and loesses in the "periglacial alluvium" strata of the Angara Valley was repeatedly mentioned (Ravsky, 1972; Yendrikhinsky, 1982). Favorable conditions for deluvium formation on gently sloping and slightly sloping surfaces occurred mainly in the first half of the glaciation under cold and wet conditions, when taiga vegetation in the periglacial zone gave way to tundra-steppe associations. Sparse vegetation made the sandy, powdery-sandy, and loamy surfaces of subhorizontal sites and gentle slopes adjacent to the Angara riverbed vulnerable to planar erosion and redeposition. In the second half of the glaciation, deluvial processes were gradually replaced by dusting. The gradual nature of this climatic transition is evidenced by the successive replacement of parallel-layered sands, sandy loams, and loams by layered loess-like loams and sandy loams, and then by non-layered loess. It is obvious that here "layered loess" is not a type of periglacial alluvium, but a polygenetic deluvial-superflationary type of Quaternary sediments. Directly near coastal cliffs composed of sand, the induced sediments are often facially replaced by pereveyannye (sand puffs).

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A representative section of Quaternary sediments was opened by a trench on the lowered part of the western tip of Sosnovo-Tushamsky Island (coordinates: 58°33 '89.6" N, 102°85 '19.2" E). The southern wall is described (Fig. 4).

Layer 1 (0 - 0.4 m). Gray with an ashy tinge of thick silty sand with embers, rare rubble. There are wormholes. Technogenic layer associated with the leaching horizon of modern soil.

Layer 2 (0.4 - 0.7 m). Gray with a tobacco tint, not layered fine-grained silt sand. There are embers in the roof. There are indistinct spots.

Layer 3 (0.7-0.8 m). Light gray non-layered fine-grained sand.

Layer 4 (0.8-1.1 m). Gray with tobacco tint siltstone fine-grained sand with a fine-grained and mottled texture. Solifluktionally transformed.

Layer 5 (1.10-1.15 m). Dark grey, humus-coated. Ephemeral paleosol, solifluction deformed.

Layer 6 (1.15-1.30 m). Gray, sometimes with a brownish tinge of aleuropes, turning into aleuropelite to the sole.

Layer 7 (1.30-1.35 m). Dark grey, humus-coated. Ephemeral paleosol, solifluction deformed.

Layer 8 (1.35-1.50 m). Brown sandy siltstone, solifluction transformed.

Layer 9 (1.50-1.55 m). Dark grey humus-coated, crumpled into creases of drawing and torn. Ephemeral paleosol, solifluction deformed.

Layer 10 (1.55-2.0 m). Brown with a reddish tinge non-layered aleuropesok. The roof and sole are uneven, crumpled into creases of drawing. The orientation of these folds and spreading" tongues " corresponds to a gentle fall of the slope towards the Angara River.

Layer 11 (2.0 - 2.3 m). Light gray fine-and medium-grained sand with wavy and mulch-like stratification. The basal part is creased into drag folds along with overlying sediments, in the upper part - ripples of the current, in the middle part - lenses and interbeds of brown siltstone.

Layer 12 (2.3-2.4 m). Fine, well-rounded pebbles with a coarse-grained sand aggregate.

Layer 13 (2.4 - 2.9 m). Brown with a reddish tinge of siltstone with interlayers and lenses of medium-grained sand.

Layer 14 (2.9 - 4.1 m). Parallel subhorizontal interbedding of light gray fine-and medium-grained sand and brown siltstone. The thickness of puffs is from 1-2 to 5 - 10 cm. A thin parallel stratification is observed inside the interlayers. There are mulds.

Stratigraphic-genetic interpretation shows that the outcrop contains a typical section of a cycloclimatic terrace complex with a two-tiered structure: the alluvial stage is represented by layers 10-14, the subaerial stage is represented by layers 1-9. Layered interpretation: layers 1 and 2 are Aeolian (sifted sands); 5, 7, 9 are paleosols; 3 are deluvium; 4, 6, 8, 9 - superflationary sediments (loess); 10-floodplain alluvium; 11-14-interbedding of channel and floodplain facies of alluvium.

The two-tiered structure of complexes of Quaternary deposits of low terraces can be traced in many parts of the Angara River Valley. Another example is

4. Sosnovo-Tushamsky section.

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It can serve as a terrace complex near the village of Panovo on the right bank of the river (coordinates: 58°95 '60.7" n .. 101°89 '28.9" e). The height of the outcrop in the coastal cliff of the basement terrace is 7.5 m from the water's edge, the floodplain is 1.5 m. The basement is represented by indigenous dark-colored rocks (dolerites) and rises 2 m above the floodplain (3.5 m above the water's edge). The basal layer of alluvium of the Angara River with a thickness of 0.9 m lies on the bedrock, represented by obliquely layered and mulch-like interbedding of small boulders, pebbles, gravel and coarse-grained sand. It is overlain by gently lenticular gravel sand, which gradually acquires parallel stratification up the section, with an apparent thickness of approx. 1 m. Of particular interest are well-rounded large boulders (more than 0.5 m in diameter), which lie at the base of the alluvial tier of the basement terrace. It should be emphasized that the boulders cannot be the result of weathering of the pre-Quaternary sequence, since it is composed of dolerites rather than conglomerates in this section of the Angara Valley.

An idea of the subaerial stage is given by a pit with a depth of 2.4 m at a height of 11 m from the Angara River water cut.

Layer 1 (0 - 0.6 m). Gray non-layered fine-grained silty sand. From the middle of the layer to the sole, it changes color to brown.

Layer 2 (0.6-1.1 m). Light gray fine parallel-subhorizontal layered sand with lenses bulging upwards (inflated).

Layer 3 (1.1-1.6 m). Light gray sand with more pronounced stratification and fine mulds. In the sole there is a chain layer of small pebbles.

Layer 4 (1.6-2.4 m). Parallel subhorizontal interbedding of light gray and gray sand. In the upper half, the stratification is shallow, and in the lower half-medium. Towards the bottom, the specific content of light gray sand interlayers decreases. Small solifluctional dislocations are noted. The sole of the layer is not opened.

In our opinion, layers 1, 2 are pereveyannye sands, partially modified from above by soil processes, and 3, 4-deluvium. The subaerial complex, which is represented by deluvial and Aeolian (both seeded and inspired) sediments, and paleosols, is actually the host for most archaeological sites in the Boguchanskaya HPP flood zone. As for the Aeolian formations, the further into the watershed, the greater the role played by loess-like rocks, and the closer to the coast of the Angara, the larger part of the complex is occupied by sifted sands. Typical examples are the Aeolian dunes of the Sergushkinsky and Sosnovomyssky Islands, the Holocene and historical ones in the area of the village of Kata, etc. Thus, we should agree that a significant part of the volume of terraces (the upper tier) is of subaerial origin.

Verification of archaeological data

New information on Paleolithic sites studied in the area of flooding of the Boguchanskaya HPP reservoir bed during 2007-2011 contains additional fundamental facts that clearly do not agree with the model of the "young Angara" that spilled from the" proran of Baikal " 12-7 thousand years ago. First, the previously known and new Paleolithic Beryamba sites [Grevtsov et al., 2011], Kolpakov Ruchey (Rybin et al., 2010; Rybin and Meshcherin, 2011), Bolshaya Pelenda (Postnov, 2010), Smolokurny Ruchey (Markovsky and Dudko, 2011), Ust-Kova (Leontiev and Vdovin, 2010; Akimova et al., 2011) were found in the context of subaerial strata of low above-floodplain terraces (I, II) of the Angara River, and not in slope deposits of post-cataclysmic genesis (the article considers not all Paleolithic monuments discovered and studied in recent years, but only those whose materials have been published). Paleolithic artefacts at these sites form localized parking complexes without any signs of catastrophic movements of archaeological material and violations of the stratigraphic sequence containing it. They are found in the cover layer of the upper tier of terraces, which is represented by subaerial deposits in the form of Aeolian, deluvial, loess-soil layers deformed by permafrost wedges and solifluction. Judging by the available 14 C-dates (see below), the second half of the Karginsky time can be considered the beginning of the formation of deposits containing archaeological materials.

Secondly, describing the stratigraphic context of the Ust-Edarma I, III, and Edarma II Paleolithic sites also recently discovered in the flood zone of the Boguchanskaya HPP reservoir bed (Lipnina et al., 2010; Lipnina and Lokhov, 2012; Novoseltseva, 2011; Rogovskaya et al., 2012), geoarchaeologists point to the redeposited nature of the artifacts found in the thickness of landslide deposits, while noting the presence of Late Karginian paleosol (found in 10 pits (Rogovskaya et al., 2012)). The question of how it was preserved during such catastrophic events that occurred 12 - 7 thousand years AGO remains open.

Third, under certain assumptions, it is possible to accept the uniqueness of the Ust-Edarma I, III, and Edarma II monuments in geomorphological and stratigraphic aspects, but if there are no analogies in technical and typological characteristics with the Beryamba, Kolpakov Ruchey, Smolokurny Ruchey, and Ust-Kova monuments, and they are clearly traced even at the first acquaintance with the collections, represented by short descriptions and individual drawings-

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mi in pre-publications. At this stage of studying the material, we can state the similarity in the technology of stone splitting, where, against the background of the general predominance of various planar techniques aimed at obtaining flakes, end, subprismatic and planar techniques are used, aimed at producing lamellar blanks of various morphology and dimensions. Among the tool set of collections, the most typologically expressed end scrapers, including high-shaped ones; various tools with elements of thinning the body; angle cutters, etc. In general, these industries have a full set of technical and typological characteristics that are characteristic of Paleolithic complexes of Central Siberia, correlated chronologically with the Karginsky time (a more detailed and clear interpretation of archaeological data is the topic of a separate article). Another similarity between these collections is the preservation of the surface of artefacts: many of them show weak corrosion and glossy sheen due to long exposure in the open state, during a cold climatic episode (cooling of the second half of the Karginsky interstadial and/or Sartan glaciation). These groups of monuments are also chronologically similar: Edarma II - 27,345 ± 385 BP (SOAN-8295), 26,890 ± 420 (SOAN-8296); Ust-Edarma III-27,805 ± 245 (SOAN-8353) (Rogovskoi et al., 2012); Ust-Kova-32,865 (SOAN-1875), 30,100 ± 150 (SOAN-1741), 28,050 ± 670 (SOAN-1876), 34,300 ± ± 900 Bp (SOAN-5929) [Laukhin et al., 1980; Drozdov and Cheha, 2002; Drozdov, Cheha and Ponomareva, 2011].

The use of the "young Angara" model in the reconstruction of human paleoecology, in our opinion, makes for the most part meaningless and unproductive further "interdisciplinary relationships of geologists, geomorphologists, and archaeologists in the production of surveys", which are called for by G. I. Medvedev and co-authors [2012, p.53]. So it turns out, based on the term "geoarchaeologist", that these specialists have methods of a wide complex profile and are armed with a fundamentally new (quite different from everything previously written in the scientific literature) model of reconstruction of the past.

Conclusion

Summarizing the above, we note that the idea of the Holocene age of the Angara River is not confirmed either in the relief or in the sedimentary record of the Neo-Pleistocene deposits of the Angara region. In particular, there is no geological evidence of an Early Holocene catastrophic "outburst of Angara waters from the natural Baikal proran". On the contrary, an analysis of the valley pattern of different orders, a comparison of the relief and features of the geological structure of the territory indicate the duration of the formation of the hydro network of the studied area since the second half of the Paleogene. At the same time, alluvial deposits represented by pebbles and sands are documented in a number of terrace ledge outcrops, both based on geological survey data and as a result of author's research.

It should be noted that the criticism of the "alluvial-terrace paradigm" was not unfounded. The most important result of the "terrace discussion" is the establishment of the fact that the algorithm for determining the age of sediments by hypsometric levels of terraces does not work in the Angara region. In the area of flooding of the Boguchanskaya HPP, the geological and geomorphological structure of the territory adjacent to the main river is largely due to neotectonic specifics. The flat bottom of the Angara River and the wide distribution of vertical rock banks indicate a discrete and permanent "sinking" of valley fragments relative to watersheds and, accordingly, a fragmented-block "uplift" of inter - river spaces during the Neogene-Pleistocene. Denudation processes generally prevailed over accumulation processes, which prevented the formation of thick strata of high, medium, and low alluvial terraces embedded in each other. Throughout the entire Quaternary history of the Angara River, low-power alluvial complexes "bulged" as part of neotectonic blocks framing the main river, and were buried by subaerial deposits. Thus, the number and height of riverbed relief sites were more controlled by the neotectonic factor than by the climatic one.

Another important result is the establishment of the subaerial genesis of the upper tier of terraces, which was previously traditionally diagnosed as periglacial alluvium. This circumstance should be considered particularly significant, since the upper, subaerial stage is usually more thick than the alluvial one. Moreover, the older the alluvial complex at the base of the terrace, the longer the time of formation of the subaerial stratum enclosing the alluvium, and hence its thickness. Consequently, the ideas of G. I. Medvedev and his colleagues [2012] that artifacts and other traces of Paleolithic human activity were buried mainly in sediments of subaerial origin are quite adequate and are confirmed by our research. The evidence is quite convincing, according to which people in the stone age settled not only on the banks of the main river, but also in remote areas from the Angara River

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The Central Siberian plateau, not devoid, by the way, of smaller rivers. The desire to explain the location of human Paleolithic sites in less attractive conditions than near a large river is understandable, because it did not exist at the time of the existence of ancient man. However, the "removal of the Angara River" from the natural history of the Neo-Pleistocene of Baikal Siberia contradicts the entire accumulated complex of geological knowledge about this territory. Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary to look for other factors that determine the patterns of spatial distribution of Paleolithic sites in the area of flooding of the Boguchanskaya HPP reservoir bed and on the Central Siberian Plateau as a whole.

Criticism of the "terrace" approach to determining the chronology of monuments and the call for discussion on this issue, at least in the field of archaeological research, seem to us decades late. The study of Paleolithic sites with the involvement of specialists of various profiles during and after field work, the use of data for chronological constructions not only on the hypsometric level of terraces is practiced everywhere. Moreover, since the 60s of the last century, the "terrace" approach in its pure form has been practically not used in paleolithic studies. Studying the stratigraphic context of Paleolithic sites in the Northern Angara Region and "Baikal Siberia" as a whole within the framework of a common catastrophic scenario for the region is a simple way that avoids the time - consuming processes of constantly studying the specifics of Quaternary geology, geomorphology, neotectonics, stratigraphic sections of Paleolithic objects and areas of their location, with the necessary verification of the data obtained.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 01.02.13, in the final version-on 07.02.13.

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