Civilian Population as an Object and Subject in Wars

Introduction: Rethinking the Role of Civilians in Military Conflicts

In classical war theory, from Clausewitz to the beginning of the 20th century, the civilian population was primarily considered an object: a demographic and economic resource ("the rear"), a source of recruitment for the army, and a passive victim ("collateral damage") or an instrument of pressure on the enemy. However, historical practice, especially since the era of total wars and national liberation movements, has shown that civilians often become subjects – active participants in resistance, bearers of legitimacy, and a key factor in achieving political goals of the conflict. This evolution reflects the shift from wars of cabinets and regular armies to wars ideological, networked, and hybrid.

1. Historical Evolution: From Object to "Total Mobilization"

Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Civilian population (urban inhabitants) often became the main object of violence (massacres, enslavement) after the capture of a fortress. This was a tactic of intimidation and a form of payment for the army. However, in peasant uprisings (Jacquerie, Hussite Wars), civilians themselves became subjects of armed resistance.

The Era of "Cabinet Wars" (17th–18th centuries): With the development of regular armies and the law of treaties (beginning of codification in the treatises of Hugo Grotius), the civilian population began to be distinguished as a protected category, although this was rarely observed in practice. War was considered the business of professional armies.

Napoleonic and "total" wars (19th–20th centuries): A turning point. Napoleon introduced conscription – mass recruitment of civilians into the army, making them subjects in the form of soldiers. In World War I and especially World War II, the blurring of the line between the front and the rear led to the concept of "total war," where the civilian population was deliberately targeted to undermine the will of the enemy to resist (bombing of Dresden, Hiroshima, siege of Leningrad). Here it was both the object of terror and the subject of the labor front.

Interesting fact: During World War II, in occupied Europe and the Soviet Union, the civilian population became subjects of mass partisan movements and resistance. This forced the Nazis to apply harsh punitive measures against civilians (such as the destruction of the villages of Katyń, Lidice), which, in turn, only strengthened the support for partisans. This paradox shows the duality of status: the attempt to suppress civilians as subjects of resistance turned them into objects of total annihilation.

2. Theoretical Approaches: From "Just War" to Humanitarian Law

Theory of Just War (Jus ad bellum and Jus in bello): Within this framework, the civilian population is an object of protection. The principle of distinction requires a clear separation of combatants from non-combatants, while the principle of proportionality prohibits attacks where civilian casualties are disproportionate to military necessity.

Critical military theory and postcolonial studies: These approaches assert that Western humanitarian law often serves as an instrument that, while declaring the protection of civilians as objects, actually legitimizes wars where they become the main victims. In anti-colonial wars (Algeria, Vietnam), the civilian population was a key subject of political struggle. The war was fought for "hearts and minds," and partisans ("fish in the sea of the people," according to Mao Zedong's metaphor) consciously blurred the line between combatants and civilians, making the population an active participant.

3. Modern Hybrid Conflicts: Blurring Boundaries

In 21st-century conflicts (Syria, Yemen, and others), the status of the civilian population has become even more ambiguous:

Object of informational and cognitive warfare: The population is deliberately subjected to propaganda, misinformation, psychological operations to demoralize or mobilize. Here, civilians are the object of manipulation, but their perception becomes the battlefield.

Object of humanitarian crises as a tactic: The creation of artificial hunger, blockades of humanitarian aid, destruction of hospitals and schools are used to achieve military and political goals (the "scorched earth" strategy). The population is the object of pressure on the enemy.

Subject of digital resistance and voluntarism: Civilians become active subjects of cyberwar (hacktavists), provide digital support to the army, engage in crowdfunding, production of drones and equipment, documenting war crimes. This erases the formal status of non-combatant.

4. International Humanitarian Law: Attempting to Establish the Status of Protected Object

The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977 represent an attempt to restore the status of the civilian population as a protected object. They prohibit:

• Attacks on civilians and civilian objects.
• Acts of violence intended to terrorize the population.
• Use of hunger as a method of war.
• Collective punishment.

However, the effectiveness of these norms depends on political will, asymmetry of conflicts, and the emergence of new technologies (cyberweapons, autonomous systems), which once again raise questions about the applicability of old principles of distinction.

Conclusion: Ambivalence as a New Norm

Thus, the civilian population in modern war is both an object and a subject at the same time, in exaggerated forms. It is:

• The maximum object of vulnerability and suffering in conditions of totalizing violence.
• A key subject of political legitimacy, for which a struggle is fought.
• An active participant in resistance and war in its hybrid, networked manifestations.

History shows that attempts to reduce civilians solely to the status of passive objects of protection (as in ideal models of humanitarian law) often fail in the face of political reality, where war becomes a struggle for the survival of nations and identities. The future likely lies not in negating this duality, but in developing new legal and ethical frameworks that recognize the active role of civilians in self-protection and resistance, while providing them with maximum possible protection from arbitrary violence. War is no longer just a matter for soldiers; it has become a test for the entire society, making the question of the status of the civilian population one of the central issues in understanding the nature of 21st-century conflicts.

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